Monday, May 7, 2007
Tijuana Hospital Shooting Linked to Organized Crime
Around mid-morning, police in Tijuana began following a suspicious vehicle. It turned into a chase and the vehicle ultimately crashed. Two men got out and started shooting at police, one was killed.
The Red Cross rushed another person who was injured to the General Hospital. Moments later, a group of heavily armed men arrived at the hospital to free their comrade. Two policemen were killed in the parking lot.
Hundreds were evacuated from the hospital, as a tense stand off with police began. After exchanging gunfire for a long period of time, the police finally arrested two suspects and are possibly looking for more.
Biker for the Hell's Angel's Involved in Organized Crime
Grant has pleaded not guilty to nine charges, including extortion, drug trafficking and participating in a criminal organization.
So far, the Canada has presented evidence alleging Grant sold kilogram-sized amounts of cocaine and methamphetamine to a civilian police agent. Much of the evidence involved recordings and testimony by Franco Atanasovic, a civilian police agent who was paid more than $500,000 for his participation in police operations.
Both Canada and the defence have acknowledged that Grant is a member of the Hells Angels. Now Canada is presenting arguments intended to prove that the group is a criminal organization.
West Balkan Nations say No to Organized Crime
The Schengen zone is an area where EU member countries have agreed to remove all internal borders. Hungary is due to completely implement the agreement by March 2008, making it imperative that illegal immigrants are caught before they enter the zone and can move more freely. Organized criminals are regularly caught attempting to smuggle illegal migrant workers into the EU via Hungary. The workers' final destination is usually Italy, Austria or countries further west where higher wages can be earned.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has noted that the importance of the heroin smuggling route through Hungary via the Balkans had diminished, but Afghan heroin still made its way to Europe via this route.
Military ambushed by Organized Crime
This after Carácuaro Mayor Ismael Garduño Ortega, earlier in the evening, had called for help due to threats of a kidnapping by organized crime. He reportedly asked for the speedy intervention of some 6,000 soldiers involved in the permanent campaign against narcotics trafficking in Michoacán.
Later however Garduño claimed he had not called for help. “That was never the situation, conversely I think they have used me to justify their violent entry,” he told Mexican reporters.
Tycoon Asks for Help from Organized Crime
An official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said that a man believed to head of an organized crime ring was at two of the alleged abduction and beatings along with other members. The man, only identified by his surname "Oh," has been out of the country since April 27. He has not commented further.
Mexican Mafia
The drug trade is a large part of the Mexican Mafia's income. The sheriff's dept along with other law enforcement agencies are cracking down on the Mexican Mafia's strangle hold on California and other states.
Just this week, police arrested a drug kingpin and thirteen others associated with the Mexican Mafia in the Coachella Valley. Drugs and paraphernalia were found along with hand guns and intelligence at the residence. This is just one bust in a recent sweep of Southern California that has police targeting these dangerous organized criminals.
Sicilian Mafia can Reproduce Itself
"We can decapitate the mafia but let's remember that it's an organism that has the capacity to reproduce itself, perhaps like no other in Italy," the ANSA news agency quoted.
He said La Cosa Nostra has such wealth and independence that it operated like its own economy in a large part of Sicily and mainland Italy. In a message for the anniversary, Italian President Giorgio Napolitano said "only a great movement of people, opinions and culture can defeat the Mafia."
Mafia Involved in Archaeological Objects Trafficking
The article claims the contraband is being investigated by the Italian police. The artifacts used to arrive illicitly in Malta by sea before continuing to the UK and America. In January, the Italian police issued arrest warrants for the group(s) involved.
Besides investigating certain objects found in Swiss banks, the Italian police are also investigating a number of Maltese bank accounts in connection with this operation. It is believed that some accounts are being used by people in connection with the Mafia and the trafficking of the archaeological objects. They are not excluding the possibility that some of these objects have been deposited into local banks. The investigation is ongoing.
Son of Mafia Boss Acquitted
It took less than one hour for the jury to find Jack V. Giacalone of West Bloomfield not guilty on the sports gambling charges. He was indicted on March 3rd, 2006 among the total of 15 defendants, most of them pleading guilty on the illegal betting case. Fourteen of the charged defendants were arrested in Detroit.
Investigators accused Jack Giacalone of attempting to collect a gambling debt from a man who told a grand jury that he felt intimidated. Even after the man testified that he didn't feel threatened. He was indicted on two counts of racketeering conspiracy under the RICO act.
New Book Claims CIA, Mafia Plotted JFK's Assassination
The author also claims that just hours after Jack Ruby killed Oswald, Robert learned that Ruby was a mafia "errand boy" paid by associates of Teamster leader Jimmy Hoffa. Talbot believes Robert was on the right trail. Among the evidence of CIA involvement was a deathbed confession by Watergate burglar E. Howard Hunt to attending a 1963 meeting at a "CIA safe house" in Miami where other operatives tried to recruit him for "the big event," namely killing Kennedy.
Movie about Sicilian Mafia
Combining the realism of his native Italy with good social commentary, director Alberto Lattuada managed to make a movie that defies the mob movies of today. Rialto Pictures has given it the restoration and re-release it deserves. "Mafioso" is definitly a mob movie you do not want to let pass you by.
Sunday, May 6, 2007
Rudy Giuliani Hired a Mobster!?
Information about the purported police mob source is found in a transcript of Vitale's testimony in the Pizzonia trial in Brooklyn federal court. Under questioning by defense attorney Joseph Corrozo, Vitale said he believed Massino had an NYPD source who "worked with Rudy Giuliani."
Neither Rudy Giuliani nor his office would comment on the accusation due to the fact Rudy is now a presidential candidate.
Mob Case Collapsing
They claim that serious flaws within the investigation led to all the evidence gleaned from wiretaps, data warrants, and searches suppressed.
The superior court judge, Marilyn C. Clark, has already cleared ten of the defendants in the case and cleared the way for charges to be dropped against the other defendants
Acting Boss of Genovese Crime Family Sentenced
Matthew Ianniello pled guilty to the charges yet Mr. Ianniello is also involved in another trial involving even more members of the Genovese crime family allegedly involved in a racketeer conspiracy.
Judge Assigns an Anonymous Jury to Chicago Mob Trial
The Judge would not comment as to why the jury would be anonymous, but most people by now have a good idea. All the defendants have plead not guilty and jury selection for their trails is scheduled to begin on June 5th.
Cancun Police Chief Attacked by Organized Crime
Since the beginning of the year, the Mexican government's fight against organized crime has resulted in the deaths of nearly nine hundred people, including police and military soldiers, that were deployed by Mexican President Felipe Calderon.
Mafia tricks Nova Scotia Police
The incident occurred on April 10th, 2007 when the Canada Border Services Agency and dozens of police boarded the ship in search of the migrants.
"Organized crime has a lot of faces and a lot of strategies and a whole lot more money than we do, so there are some interesting tactics, and I wouldn't have been surprised if that would have been one of them," said Bev Busson during a visit to Halifax.
Members of the Genovese Crime Family in Court
The defendents were originally charged in a Manhattan federal court in a 42-count indictment. Thirty-four defendants, including an acting "don" and various members and associates of the Genovese crime family of La Cosa Nostra, were charged with crimes other offenses spanning more than a decade.
The indictment targeted factions of the Genovese crime family in the areas of the Bronx, East Harlem, and Westchester.
Saturday, May 5, 2007
Italy mob pecking order changes in Milan
The Calabrian mafia has its roots in southern Italy and usually avoids violence, but it has been steadily redefining its image and power.
(Stupid) Couple Robs the Mafia
Almost as predicted, the couple got "whacked on Christmas Eve in 1992. They were both found in a Mercury Topaz sitting in a intersection in Queens, New York. Both Thomas and Rosemarie died from three gunshots to the back of the head.
Now, fifteen years later, the story of the bandits who made the stupid mistake of stealing from the mob is playing out at the trial of the man accused of murdering them, a reputed Gambino crime family captain named Dominick “Skinny Dom” Pizzonia.
Prosecutors claim that John A. “Junior” Gotti, while acting boss of the Gambino family once led by his father, sanctioned the killings.
The trial is still ongoing and more answers are yet to come.
Canadian Mobster Tells of Role in Mafia Hits
Vito Rizzuto is the former mob boss of the organized crime network known as the "Montreal Mafia." Rizzuto went to New York in the 1980's at the request of the Bonanno crime family. His presence was requested to help kill three captains suspected of plotting a coup against the Bonanno crime family don.
Vito Rizzuto's sentence is a light, but prosecutors said their options were limited.
Rizzuto was charged as part of a racketeering case, and under federal law at the time of the killing, faced a maximum of only 20 years if he went to trial and was found guilty. The law has subsequently been changed to allow for a life sentence, but the change does not apply to old crimes.
Assistant U.S. Attorney Greg Andres said the age of the case, which would have made prosecution somewhat difficult, made the light term acceptable.
Vito Rizzuto was one of over 100 alleged Bonanno family members snared in an investigation that crippled the organization and ultimately led its boss, Joseph Massino, to plead guilty to orchestrating a string of murders, including the 1981 social club slayings.
Indictment Filed Against Organized Crime Boss "Asi Abutbul"
The charges mainly stem from suspected blackmailing of some thirty businesses and French immigrants. The Court also claims that the defendants organized themselves in a systematic and hierarchic manner from 2005 until their arrest in March 2007.
The charges also claim that "Abutbul managed the organization, ordered those under him and directed their activities, all in order to promote the organization's criminal activity. The defendant decided, in accordance with intelligence he received, which businessmen to forcefully bribe and the amount to blackmail them with."
A trial date has not yet been set.
Afghan Narcotics Trade & Organized Crime
According to the UN, In 2006 Afghanistan supplied some 92 percent of the world's supply of opium, which is used to make heroin. The drugs cultivated in Afghanistan are shipped to buyers throughout the globe helping fund and empower organized crime. Even legitimate American companies are known buyers of Afghan opium, which is used to make certain kinds of pharmaceutical drugs.
Afghan opium "is sold to licensed pharmaceutical and/or chemical manufacturing firms such as Mallinckrodt and Johnson & Johnson, under rules established by the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the International Narcotics Control Board.
With the war on terror still ongoing in Afghanistan, it will be difficult to stop the narcotics trade because opium is the main export and only means of income for many Afghan civilians.
Organized Crime Uses "Bots" to Hijack PC's
Bot nets are created by injecting malicious code into various websites and spam e-mails. When a computer user gets infected they are immediately under the control of a bot herder.
A bot herder is a hacker who can control over a million infected computers and use them to launch attacks against other sites or businesses.
Bot herders are paid big money by other criminals, including some organized crime organizations, that use the network of robots to launch attacks.
“They've got millions computers that they can go in and place a trojan or malicious code, so the next time that person goes to their bank account, the criminal(s) can piggy back on them and steal money out of their bank accounts,” said Schiller.
“Organized crime has found a way to turn our little home appliance against us," said Craig Schiller a computer security expert at Portland State University.
Pirated DVD Industry Linked to Organized Crime
"Compared to other forms of crime, DVD piracy offers criminals high returns and relatively low risk in terms of penalties. It is an attractive option for organized crime groups, who use the trade in DVD piracy to launder cash and fund other forms of crime." (PiracyIsACrime.com)
This high return/low risk business is an easy way to launder or gain profit. Yet, even if the suspects are caught the penalties are less severe than in other illegal operations. Which makes the pirated DVD industry an easy money maker for organized crime.
Most people consider purchasing a pirated DVD as a victimless crime. However, most people do not know that the money they are saving buying these DVD's may be contributing to criminal activity in their area.
Stockholm Economy Hampered by Mafia
The report was headed by Marie Eriksson, who manages a gender equality project at Stockholm's county administrative board. Its findings are the result of a collaborative effort between police in Stockholm and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency's Baltic unit.
According to the report, the organized crime networks of today have little in common with the mafia image most people are familiar with. Today's organized criminal networks more closely resemble multinational companies with their goods, services, divisions and employees. And one of the most lucrative divisions focuses on human trafficking.
The report refers to 51 attempts in the last three years to break up human trafficking operations involving prostitution in the Stockholm region. These raids showed that groups involved in human trafficking often also have connections to the weapons and drugs trades.
Marie Eriksson has proposed a number of preventive measures designed to ward battle all forms of organized crime. More financial resources should be made available, and local and regional groups involved in tackling the problem should work closer together.
Thursday, April 26, 2007
Japan's Crime Ring Responsible for Mayor's Death
It is still unclear what caused Mr. Shiroo to kill the mayor, but rumors have been circulating that the killing was money-related and had to deal with a car accident. From 2003 to 2005, Mr Shiroo had visited City Hall almost 30 times demanding up to 2,7 million yen ($23,000) for damages to his car that he claimed were from an accident at a city construction site.
Lawyers have said such requests for reimbursement are a typical form of extortion. Yet, the fact that Mr. Shiroo hasnt mentioned the matter in two years has left people wondering whether this was his true motive.
Public outcry over the killing has lead to people demanding that the police do something about the organized, underground crime syndicates. Japan is said to have the largest population of organized crime members in the world.
Internet Gambling Raid had ties to Mafia
Steven Seagal harassed by German Mafia
Federal prosecutors in New York last June charged Seagal's former partner, Julius Nasso, and several Gambino crime family figures with attempting to extort $150,000 per film from the actor, who is expected to testify as a government witness.
Now that's interesting.
Thursday, April 19, 2007
Mafia Soldiers Support Bush-Cheney
On October 25th 2004 two Colombo family soldiers, John Staluppi & John Rosatti, were confirmed to have supported four more years of the Bush-Cheney Whitehouse. "Schedule A, Itemized Reciepts" confirm that both Staluppi and Rosatti each gave two thousand dollars each (the maximum individual donation) to the GOP canidates. The FBI identified Staluppi and Rosatti, who are both multimillionare car dealership owners, as members of the Colombo crime family.
The two Bush supporters are prized Colombo family "earners" who helped finanace an insurgent Colombo faction that once sought to dethrone imprisoned boss, Carmine "the snake" Persico. This plan was later rejected after talking with there mob superior. The duo's role within the crime family has been discussed in 1993 FBI debriefings.
Henry Hill involved in real drug bust
On March 21, 2005, "our favorite degenerate Mafia informant" was arrested while living in the middle of nowhere, North Platte, Nebraska. He is facing "felony charges for allegedly possessing cocaine and methamphetamine" according to County Court Records. Hill, now 61, waived a preliminary hearing in connection with the case. Due to his prior run-ins with the law, Henry Hill, has been rumored to have been kicked out of the witness protection program. He has even been so bold as to go on the Howard Stern radio show for a live interview. Yet, most of the callers just wanting to criticize him or call him a "rat."
Monday, March 26, 2007
The Eighteenth Amendment & Rise of Organized Crime
These are statistics from Organized Crime and Prohibition detailing the increase in crime:
As crime continued to increase it began to evolve and crime soon became organized. Criminal groups began to organize around the steady source of income provided by laws against victimless crimes like drinking, doing drugs, gambling, and prostitution. Many criminal elements first began to surface during Prohibition. It was bootlegging alcohol during prohibition that gave birth to Organized Crime in America. The steady source of income from bootlegging allowed the American "gangsta" to finance their operations and quickly gain power and influence. Without prohibition, the organization of crime might never have taken place.
- Police funding: INCREASED $11.4 Million
- Arrests for Prohibition Law Violations: INCREASED 102+%
- Arrests for Drunkenness and Disorderly Conduct: INCREASED 41%
- Arrests of Drunken Drivers: INCREASED 81%
- Thefts and Burglaries: INCREASED 9%
- Homicides, Assault, and Battery: INCREASED 13%
- Number of Federal Convicts: INCREASED 561%
- Federal Prison Population: INCREASED 366%
- Total Federal Expenditures on Penal Institutions: INCREASED 1,000%
Cultural Influence of the movie "GoodFellas"
The movie is filled with strong violence, sexism, male dominance, and strong language. Yet, its popularity was incredible after its release. It is currently ranked #94 on the American Film Institute list of 100. Its impact is apparent in the attitudes and mindsets of the up and coming youth. Many young Americans display defiance to authority and handle their personal problems in ways that are ominously similar to the movies characters. Now I'm not implying that one movie changed the make-up of all American youth, but consider this fact. Its impact was so dramatic that in the year 2000 the United States Library of Congress deemed the film "culturally significant" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry.
Safe Streets Violent Crime Initiative
The "Violent Gang Safe Streets Task Force" became the vehicle through which all federal, state and local law enforcement began retaliating against the violence that had begun to plague their communities. Which department had jurisdiction was not the question. All the communities wanted was results. Communication between federal, state and local departments began to increase allowing them to examine the problem areas, see where the gangs were expanding, and arresting high ranking members of these organizations. They also worked together and exchanged information on how to spot potential gang members.
These groups often had complex ranking systems that identified who the member was, and what his influence in the group. Tattoos were often used to display rank, membership, nicknames and past criminal activity. Law enforcement continues to gather information and new and upcoming groups to try and combat the increasing violence that is plaguing so many communities. Commuication between departments is essential in finding a solution to the problem.
Interpol
Interpol continues to expand it reach and investigate new types of international criminal activity. It's responsiblities include finding drug and organzied criminial groups, investigating finaical and high tech crimes, Human trafficing, and many others. It also seeks out and locates fugitives who have fled their home country in hopes of escaping or avoiding incarceration.
Continuing cooperation from the international community is essential for Interpol to complete its objectives. Communication with other countries and Interpol is the key to success when innocent people lives could possibly be at rise. And Interpol acts as a medium between countries whose governments have diplomatic differences.
UNODC
In the year 2000, the United Nations formed the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime which was one step in countering the activity described above.
The UNODC works closely with national governments and civil organizations to help increase international cooperation to counter the devastating effects of organized crime groups world-wide.
With technology evolving at a head-spinning rate, many industries and companies have gone through globalization which expands the reach of their business to foreign countries.
Entering in force in 2003, The UNODC assists governments in the efforts to ensure there is a comprehensive response to combating transnational organized crime and drug trafficking by:
Assisting Member States in the ratification and implementation of the TOC Convention;
- Monitoring the implementation of the Convention;
- Developing and promoting best practice in countering organized crime across the globe;
- Improving the exchange of information; judicial cooperation and mutual legal assistance between law enforcement officials and;
- Determining the most effective method for collecting information on organized crime from a regional and global perspective and ensuring that such information is available to policy making and technical assistance projects.
The "RICO Act"
After the RICO law was put into affect, the FBI and other federal agencies started using the act to crackdown and prosecute organized criminals. One of the most successful applicacions of the act was the "ability to indict or sanction individuals for their behavior and actions committed against witnesses and victims in alleged retaliation or retribution for cooperating with law enforcement or intelligence agencies." This prevented members of organized crime from intimidating or influencing anyone involved in law enforcement investigations. On November 21, 1980, Frank "Funzi" Tieri was the first La Cosa Nostra boss to be convicted under the RICO Act. And many more high ranking criminal minds would continue to fall under the RICO Act in the coming years.
Even though the RICO Act has improved prosecution of organized crime members, the problem still exsists even in today's society. And the FBI continues to persue, detain, and prosecute domestic criminal organizations.
Organized Internet Crime
This information was taken from Symantec Internet security report , which is an analysis of "techniques, sources and motives behind Internet-based attacks." within the previous six-month period. Staying on top of the criminals is difficult because each time technology changes, their methods change. In the United States, the FBI is leading the way of prosecuting online criminals, yet international law provides a safe haven for some criminals who's country will not allow extradition and/or prosecution by another country. However bleak the perspective, there are some signs of progress and hope.
The first step to preventing Internet crime from happening to you is to make sure you or your company have taken the proper precautions. Installing spyware and anti-virus software is a must for any Internet user. And even though most people have it, they fail to update it after the initial installation. Firewalls are a great way to protect yourself, if you know how to set it up correctly. The most important part of Internet security is you. You can start by encrypting data that could be harmful if stolen. Backing up valuable information and storing it on a separate drive so its not connected to the Internet. Scanning audio/video files and email attachments before downloading them. And if you install any software be sure you know where it came from and what purpose it is going to serve. Many precautions can be taken, but its ultimately up to the user to stay continuously aware of their activities and information sharing. The greatest deterrent to Internet crime is to protect yourself before it happens to you.
Global Organized Crime
Terrorists groups can fall into the category of global organized crime because of their political, economic, and social impact on the United States. You may be asking why I am labeling terrorists under organized crime. It is very evident that terrorism is global in reach, criminal in its intent, and highly organized in its tactics. Take into consideration the events after the 9/11 attacks. The economic downfall it briefly caused was a direct effect of the crime that was committed. There is no better evidence than its effect on airline industry. American travel has been forever changed as a result of the events of 9/11.
The political ramifications are still apparent in the news today. The presidents social and economic agenda have taken a back seat to the war on terror. The war in Iraq has stretched the economic price tag to unbelievable extremes. Billions of dollars have been used to up-date government security agencies, provide the military with equipment, and help the nation of Iraq and Afghanistan rebuild their war-torn countries.
The social impact is obviously apparent because the events of the organization has changed the way our entire country thinks, believes, and reacts. The peace and security the American people once took for granted has now been propelled to the fore-front. You can call it terrorism or global organized crime, either way the impact these organizations can inflict can be far reaching and long lasting. And its ramifications can effect the policy and economy of an entire country with you quick display of power
Thursday, January 25, 2007
Mastermind of the Mob - Meyer Lansky
In the 1920's Meyer met Ben "Bugsy" Siegel who eventually joined Meyer and Luciano to form the Five Points Gang. In 1931 Meyer helped Luciano kill his boss and allowing Luciano to hold the top position in the Masseria Crime Family. Luciano went on to form the National Crime Syndicate which had a board of directors including Meyer. Meyer made many friends within the circle and was a excellent negotiator who could always swing things his way.
Throughout the 1930s, Meyer set up many gambling operations in Florida, New Orleans, and Cuba. Although many other criminals tried to muscle in on his territory, Meyer was always able to crush their attempts using his strong connections all over the United States.
Chicago & Al Capone
While working at the Harvard Inn as a bouncer and bartender he recieved his infamous facial scars that eventually give him the nickname "Scarface." He recieved these wounds after insulting a patron and ultimatly was attacked by her brother who sliced his face with a knife.
Al Capone first arrest was for disorderly conduct and he was also investigated for murdering two men while in New York, but the charges never panned out. He was sent back to Chicago where he went to work for Yale's old mentor John Torrio. Torrio reconized Capone's potential and soon Capone was helping manage Torrio's bootlegging business. By 1922 Capone was Torrio's number two man and soon became a full partner in the saloons, gambling houses, and brothles. This would ultimatly lead to his rise as a mafia powerhouse in the heart of Chicago.
John Gotti and New York
John Gotti grew up in a poor, poverty ridden section of the South Bronx. Yet by the age of ten his family had saved enough money to move them to an area of Brooklyn known as East New York. At an early age John Gotti learn to use his fists and developed a reputation on the streets. John wanted to do better than his family and move up in society. Yet instead of wanting to become a doctor or a lawyer. John dreamed of being a wiseguy, who he would see standing on the street corneers of Brooklyn. This dream proved to be a choice that would propell him into the spotlight and ultimatly the "Don" of an organized crime family.
The Real Beginning
By the 19th century the mafia began to show up in major cities like New Orleans, New York, and Chicago. The mafia may not have ever taken control had it not been for the 18th amendment of the the constitution which made prohibition the law. Prohibition made it illegal to buy, sell, or transport alcoholic beverages. Prohibition was ratified on January 29, 1919 but didn't take hold until 1920.
Prohibition began with the sale of foreign booze that was smuggled into the country. After several raids and many thousands of dollars lost, the mob turned to more producing of their own illegal alcohol. Bootlegged whiskey was known as "white lightning." Illegal alcohol could be sold in two ways: you could put it in bottles or it was sent to the taverns in tin cans. This opened a new market for illegal booze to those who would risk it. Prohibition also proved to be filled with murder and corruption. Men like Lucky Luciano, Dutch Schultz, Al Capone, Meyer Lansky, and Vito Genovese would see the opportunity and get their start during this time.
The Beginning in Chicago
Organized crime in Chicago had its beginning in the 1870s with the activities of Michael Cassius McDonald. McDonald made a name for himself by owning and operating a taven at Clark and Monroe known as the Store which reportedly was the largest liquor and gambling house in downtown Chicago.
McDonald was also active in politics. In an effort to overcome the reform activities of Mayor Medill, McDonald organized Chicago’s saloon and gambling interests. "Mike McDonald’s Democrats," as they were called, elected their own candidate, Harvey Colvin, as Mayor of Chicago in 1873. With Colvin in office, McDonald organized the first criminal syndicate in Chicago composed of both gamblers and compliant politicians.